Second-generation antipsychotics, also called atypical antipsychotics, are designed to treat psychotic symptoms with fewer movement-related side effects than older drugs. They typically block dopamine D2 receptors but also strongly antagonize serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, which helps improve a broader range of symptoms, including some negative symptoms, while reducing extrapyramidal symptoms. Olanzapine is a classic example of this class. It combines D2 and 5-HT2A receptor antagonism to manage psychosis with a lower risk of motor-side effects compared with older medications like haloperidol or chlorpromazine, though it carries metabolic side effects such as weight gain and glucose issues. Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are traditional, first-generation antipsychotics with stronger D2 blockade and higher EPS risk. Lithium is a mood stabilizer, not an antipsychotic. So olanzapine fits the description of a second-generation antipsychotic.

Advanced scarring of the liver is cirrhosis. This term describes late-stage liver disease where ongoing injury leads to widespread fibrosis (scar tissue) and the development of regenerative nodules that distort the liver’s architecture and impair function. Fibrosis refers to scar formation in the liver, but cirrhosis is the more severe, irreversible stage with nodularity and architectural disruption. Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver and can contribute to damage, but it is not the scarred, end-stage condition itself. Steatosis is fatty liver, a different pattern of injury. So the best term for advanced scarring is cirrhosis.

Adhesions describe fibrous bands that form between abdominal tissues and organs during healing after peritoneal injury. When the lining of the abdomen is irritated or damaged—such as after surgery—the inflammatory process can lead to scar tissue that creates these bands. Over time, adhesions can tether loops of intestine or connect organs to the abdominal wall, which can cause pain or—even more seriously—bowel obstruction. Other terms refer to different problems. Fistulas are abnormal passages that develop between organs or between an organ and the skin. Hernias are bulges that occur when an organ pushes through a weakness in the abdominal wall. Ulcers are sores on mucosal surfaces, such as the stomach or intestines. The description given—bands of scar tissue forming between abdominal tissues and organs, most often after abdominal surgery—best fits adhesions.

Combining forms are building blocks that name body parts in medical terms. For the heart, the form is cardi/o, which you’ll see in terms like cardiology, cardiovascular, and cardiogram. The other options point to different organs: hepat/o for liver, neur/o for nerve, and nephr/o (or ren/o) for kidney. So, cardi/o is the correct form because it specifically designates the heart when forming medical terms.