Question 1
A +3.00 D hyperope corrected with a +1.50 D contact lens viewing an object at 22.0 cm requires how much accommodation to achieve a clear retinal image?
Correct Answer:
+6.00 D
Explanation:
To determine how much accommodation is required for a +3.00D hyperope using a +1.50D contact lens when viewing an object at 22.0 cm, the first step is to calculate the total power of the optical system including both the contact lens and the hyperopia. Hyperopes require plus lens correction to bring images into focus on the retina. The individual in this scenario has a hyperopic refractive error of +3.00D. When corrected with a +1.50D contact lens, the effective power that the eye experiences becomes: Effective power = Contact lens power - Hyperopic correction Effective power = +1.50D - (+3.00D) = -1.50D This means that, in essence, the eye is acting as a -1.50D system after the contact lens correction. Next, we can calculate the vergence of light rays coming from the object at 22.0 cm. The distance in meters for the object is: Distance = 22.0 cm = 0.22 m Using the formula for vergence (Power = 1/Distance in meters), we find: V = 1 / 0.22 m ≈ +4
Question 2
What layer of the cornea, if penetrated, will leave a scar?
Correct Answer:
The stroma
Explanation:
The stroma is the main structural layer of the cornea, comprising about 90% of its thickness and consisting primarily of collagen fibers arranged in a highly organized manner. When the stroma is penetrated, which can occur due to trauma or surgical procedures, it is likely to result in scarring. This is because the stroma has the capacity to heal through the proliferation of fibroblasts, which can lead to the formation of scar tissue with a different composition and organization than the original corneal stroma, resulting in a permanent change in corneal clarity. In contrast, the epithelium is the outermost layer of the cornea and has a remarkable ability to regenerate quickly after injury, often healing without leaving a noticeable scar. The wing cell layer is simply a transitional layer within the epithelium and does not have the capacity to leave a scar if damaged. The tear film, while important for corneal health and clarity, is not a structural layer of the cornea and does not play a role in scarring when penetrated. Therefore, penetration of the stroma is significant concerning the potential for scarring in the cornea.
Question 3
Fatty acid synthesis is activated during which of the following situations?
Correct Answer:
Increased levels of citrate and insulin, decreased levels of glucagon
Explanation:
Fatty acid synthesis is primarily regulated by the availability of substrates and the hormonal environment within the body. In particular, high levels of citrate and insulin are significant indicators that promote the synthesis of fatty acids. When carbohydrate intake is sufficient, glucose metabolism increases, leading to elevated levels of acetyl-CoA. This acetyl-CoA is often converted into citrate in the mitochondria, which can then be transported into the cytosol. High levels of citrate signal that the energy status in the cell is robust, indicating an ample supply of substrates for lipogenesis. Insulin plays a crucial role in this process as well. It is a key anabolic hormone that promotes the uptake of glucose and inhibits the breakdown of fatty acids. Elevated levels of insulin, particularly after a carbohydrate-rich meal, enhance the activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Conversely, elevated glucagon levels, which typically arise during fasting or low carbohydrate intake, signal the body to utilize stored fat for energy. This hormonal scenario inhibits fatty acid synthesis. Thus, the situation with increased levels of citrate and insulin, combined with decreased levels of glucagon, creates a metabolic environment conducive to fatty acid synthesis. This is why the correct answer
Question 4
What change occurs in the temporal modulation transfer function in early glaucoma?
Correct Answer:
Decreased sensitivity to moderate and high frequencies
Explanation:
In early glaucoma, the temporal modulation transfer function reveals decreased sensitivity to moderate and high frequencies. This is significant because it reflects the changes occurring in visual processing as the disease affects the neural pathways associated with vision. Patients with early glaucoma may have a reduced ability to detect rapidly changing visual stimuli, indicating that the temporal aspects of vision are compromised. Understanding this aspect of the temporal modulation transfer function is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma progression. While sensitivity to lower frequencies may remain relatively intact in the early stages, the difficulties experienced with moderate and high frequencies suggest disruptions in the visual system's capacity to process swift or dynamic visual information. This phenomenon is often observed prior to detectable changes in standard visual field tests, making it a valuable indicator in the evaluation of glaucoma.
Question 5
What is the main mechanism of action of fluticasone and salmeterol found in Advair?
Correct Answer:
Anti-inflammatory; bronchodilator
Explanation:
Fluticasone and salmeterol are components of Advair, and their primary actions are essential to understanding their therapeutic effects in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fluticasone is a corticosteroid that primarily acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. It works by inhibiting various inflammatory processes in the lungs, reducing swelling and mucus production, and thereby improving airflow. This action helps in controlling the underlying inflammation that can lead to exacerbations in respiratory conditions. Salmeterol, on the other hand, is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (LABA) that serves as a bronchodilator. It relaxes the muscles around the airways, resulting in dilation and improved airflow. This effect is particularly important for providing relief from bronchoconstriction associated with asthma and COPD. Together, fluticasone and salmeterol combine anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, providing a comprehensive approach to managing these respiratory conditions. This synergistic mechanism not only helps in reducing symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath but also addresses the inflammatory component that contributes to these diseases over time. Understanding the individual roles of fluticasone and salmeterol thus highlights why the
Question 1
Exam overview

About this Exam

The [OptoPrep National Board of Examiners in Optometry (NBEO) Practice Test] is an essential, online preparation platform designed specifically for optometry students in the United States and Canada.

This comprehensive course is your pathway to success on the rigorous three-part NBEO licensure examinations.

Passing these boards is the critical step toward obtaining your license to practice optometry and becoming a qualified eye care professional.

OptoPrep provides a realistic, adaptive, and highly effective way to master the material, build test-taking confidence, and ensure you are fully prepared for exam day.

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What the Course Entails and Exam Details

This preparation course meticulously mirrors the structure and content of the actual NBEO exams.

It offers a massive bank of expertly authored, NBEO-style questions, including single-response multiple-choice, multi-response, and case-based scenarios.

OptoPrep is broken down into specific sections that align with the three major parts of the NBEO boards.

You will find comprehensive content for Part I: Applied Basic Science (ABS), Part II: Patient Assessment and Management (PAM), including the Treatment and Management of Ocular Disease (TMOD) subset, and material designed to assist with the Clinical Skills examination.

The platform provides timed, simulated exams that create a true test-day experience, helping you improve your speed and stamina.

You will receive instant, detailed feedback and performance statistics, allowing you to track your progress by topic and focus your studies where you need it most.

OptoPrep also includes customizable study plans, printable study materials, and mobile apps for learning on the go.


What to Expect in the Final Exam

The official NBEO examinations are a pivotal component of the optometry licensure process. Here is a breakdown of what to expect for each part:

Part I: Applied Basic Science (ABS)

This is a computer-based test that consists of multiple-choice questions, many of which are multi-response. It assesses fundamental knowledge of basic sciences relevant to optometry, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, pathology, optics, and pharmacology. Candidates are given two 3.5-hour sessions to complete the exam. The score is scaled from 100 to 900, with 300 required to pass.

Part II: Patient Assessment and Management (PAM)

This computer-based exam is case-based, simulating real-world patient encounters. Candidates are presented with patient cases and must answer questions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and management. A subset of Part II is the Treatment and Management of Ocular Disease (TMOD) examination, which can be taken independently for certain state licensure requirements. Part II consists of two 3.5-hour sessions. Like Part I, scores are scaled from 100 to 900, with 300 as the passing mark.

Part III: Clinical Skills Examination (CSE) / Patient Encounters and Performance Skills (PEPS)

This is a hands-on, performance-based examination conducted at the NBEO's National Center. It evaluates a candidate's clinical skills and ability to interact effectively with patients. The format is designed to test communication, professionalism, and procedural skills in both interactive and non-interactive stations. This part is scored on a pass/fail basis.


How to Study and Exam Centers

Successfully navigating the NBEO exams requires a structured, disciplined study plan and the right resources.

Actionable Study Strategies:

  1. Start Early: Give yourself ample time to cover the vast content. A multi-month study plan is recommended.

  2. Use OptoPrep's Full Potential: Consistently practice with the large question bank. Review not just the correct answers but, more importantly, the detailed rationales for why options are correct or incorrect.

  3. Simulate Exam Conditions: Take full-length, timed practice tests in OptoPrep. This builds the mental endurance needed for the 7-hour testing days and helps you manage your time effectively.

  4. Focus on Weak Areas: Utilize the personalized statistics to identify your knowledge gaps and allocate more study time to those specific topics.

  5. Create your own aids: supplementing your practice with your own review sheets, mind maps, and flashcards for quick recall of key formulas and concepts.

Exam Center Locations:

  • Parts I and II (ABS and PAM): These computer-based exams are administered at Pearson VUE professional testing centers located throughout the United States and Canada. You must register through the NBEO website and then schedule your specific date and location with Pearson VUE.

  • Part III (Clinical Skills): The performance-based Part III exam is held exclusively at the NBEO National Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. Candidates must travel to this central location to take this portion of the boards.


Job Opportunities from the Course

Passing the NBEO examinations is the key that unlocks your entire career as a licensed doctor of optometry.

While the course itself is a preparation tool, the certification it helps you achieve opens the door to a wide range of prestigious and rewarding career paths:

  • Primary Care Optometrist

  • Cornea and Contact Lens Specialist

  • Pediatric Optometrist

  • Geriatric Optometrist

  • Ocular Disease Specialist

  • Low Vision Rehabilitation Specialist

  • Vision Therapy and Neuro-Optometry Specialist

  • Corporate Optometrist (e.g., within major optical retailers)

  • Hospital-Based Optometrist (e.g., VA hospitals)

  • Academic Optometrist (Teaching and research at optometry schools)

  • Clinical Research Scientist (In industry or academia)

  • Industry Consultant (For pharmaceutical or medical device companies)

  • Public Health Optometrist

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