The main idea is whether the federal government can enforce its laws, including tax laws, when challenged. The Whiskey Rebellion fits precisely: in 1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania rose up against a whiskey tax and turned violent. Washington answered by calling in federal troops to suppress the rebellion, proving that the Constitution allows the national government to levy taxes and use force if necessary to ensure those laws are obeyed. This set a clear precedent that the federal government has the authority to enforce its laws across states, not just through persuasion or state action. The other options don’t reflect a tax-enforcement event: the act that established the federal court system reorganized the judiciary, the Proclamation of Neutrality concerned foreign policy, and Domestic Affairs refers to general matters rather than a specific event.

Volume is about how much space a three-dimensional object occupies. It measures the amount of space inside the object, like how much water would fill it. For a rectangular prism, you multiply length × width × height to find the volume, so a box that is 2 by 3 by 4 units holds 24 cubic units of space. Units are cubic (like cubic centimeters or liters) because you’re counting in three dimensions. The other ideas mix up different concepts: the area of a surface describes size in two dimensions, not inside space. The distance around a shape is its perimeter, which is about the boundary, not the inner space. The space inside a two-dimensional object would be called area, since a flat shape has no thickness.

The mean is the arithmetic average of a data set. You add up all the values and then divide by how many values there are. This gives a single representative value that reflects every data point. For example, with values 2, 4, and 6, the sum is 12 and there are 3 values, so the mean is 12 ÷ 3 = 4. The mean uses every number in the set, so unusually small or large values can pull it toward them. Other options describe different measures: the median is the middle value when the data are ordered; the range is the difference between the largest and smallest values; the mode is the value that occurs most often. These are distinct ways to describe center or spread.

A proportion is a relationship in which two ratios are equal. The statement that two ratios are equal describes a proportion. For example, 3/4 = 6/8 is a proportion because both sides express the same value. The other descriptions describe different ideas: a single ratio or fraction, a ratio in general without asserting equality to another ratio, or a rate relationship like speed = distance/time, which is not about two ratios being equal. Recognizing that a proportion specifically means two ratios that are equal helps you spot these problems quickly.