The test here is about how parcel boundaries are defined in a cadastral survey. When bearings and distances are computed from actual ground survey, the boundaries are described numerically in a coordinate system, with the corner positions determined through field measurements and then stored as coordinates. This approach is the essence of numerical cadastre: it uses computed, numeric coordinates rather than just a plotted graphic on a map. Graphical cadastre emphasizes the drawn plan based on field measurements, often focusing on the map representation rather than the numeric coordinates. Control surveys deal with establishing and maintaining a framework of reference points for surveys, not specifically delineating parcels. A cadastre, in general, is the system of records for land parcels, but the description of coordinates derived from ground measurements specifically identifies numerical cadastre.

Geodetic Control Survey must be conducted only by a professional who is qualified under RA 8560. This Act defines who is authorized to practice geodetic engineering and sets the specific qualifications that allow someone to perform control surveys, ensuring high precision, standardized procedures, and accountability. It isn’t enough to hold a general engineering license or years of experience in another field; only those who meet the RA 8560 qualifications and are officially authorized to practice geodetic engineering may perform these surveys. This safeguards the accuracy and reliability of the geodetic control network on which maps, land titles, and infrastructure projects rely.

The concept being tested is recognizing the umbrella term for satellite-based positioning systems that work globally and operate autonomously. GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System, is the standard generic term because it encompasses all constellations that provide worldwide, independent positioning—GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and others—under one umbrella. GPS is just one specific system within GNSS, not the general term. GIS refers to Geographic Information Systems, which handle mapping and data analysis, not satellite positioning. SIS isn’t a standard term for these systems. So GNSS best fits as the broad, globally covering, autonomous positioning reference.

Second-order accuracy means the numerical error decreases roughly with the square of the grid spacing (h^2) as you refine the mesh. To observe and achieve that level of accuracy on the bottom cross-section, you need a mesh fine enough that the h^2 terms dominate the error behavior. Among the options, the configuration with the most grid points per dimension provides the smallest spacing, giving the best chance to realize second-order accuracy. The coarser grids produce larger spacing and larger truncation errors, which typically do not demonstrate the second-order behavior. Therefore, the bottom cross-section dimension that supports second-order accuracy is the finer 40 x 40 configuration.