An ionic lattice is an extended, three‑dimensional array of ions where positive and negative ions alternate in a repeating pattern, held together by strong electrostatic attractions. This description captures the essence: a crystal is built from a repeating organization of ions forming an ionic compound, not neutral atoms bound covalently, not a metallic “sea” of electrons, and not simple molecules held by weak van der Waals forces. The other pictures describe different bonding types—covalent networks, metallic bonding, or molecular solids—that don’t form the regular alternating ion lattice seen in ionic compounds.

DNA is a polymer built from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. When hydrolysis happens, these bonds are cleaved, releasing the monomer units. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, each containing a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. So hydrolysis ultimately yields nucleotides. Amino acids form proteins, fatty acids form lipids, and monosaccharides form carbohydrates, so they’re not the products here.

A carbocation is a species containing a positively charged carbon atom. This happens when carbon loses enough electrons (or forms bonds in a way that leaves only six electrons around it in its valence shell), giving carbon a formal charge of +1. The positive charge is located on the carbon, which is electron-deficient and typically planar with an empty p orbital, making it highly reactive toward nucleophiles. This is different from a carbon-centered radical, which has an unpaired electron; from a carbonyl compound, which features a C=O double bond; and from a negatively charged carbon (a carbanion), which would carry a negative formal charge.

A linear shape with a 180° bond angle occurs when the central atom has only two regions of electron density and no lone pairs, so the bonding pairs repel to form a straight line. Carbon dioxide fits this description: the carbon forms two double bonds to oxygen and has no lone pairs, giving two regions of electron density that lie opposite each other and produce a straight O=C=O arrangement with a 180° angle. Water has a bent shape because the oxygen carries two lone pairs in addition to the two bonding pairs, which pushes the hydrogens closer together and reduces the angle to about 104.5°. Ammonia has three bonding pairs and one lone pair, giving a trigonal pyramidal shape with angles around 107°. Methane has four bonding pairs and no lone pairs, yielding a tetrahedral geometry with angles about 109.5°.