The main idea is to distinguish where the problem lies: at a nerve root versus the spinal cord. Radiculopathy (nerve root problem) typically shows symptoms in a dermatomal distribution with corresponding myotomal weakness, and there are signs specific to the involved nerve root, such as positive nerve root tension tests (like a positive straight-leg raise for lumbar roots or Spurling’s test for cervical roots). You’ll often see pain radiating along a particular limb path, with sensory and motor changes confined to the affected root’s distribution and reflex changes limited to that level. Myelopathy (spinal cord problem) presents with upper motor neuron signs that are usually below the level of the lesion. That includes hyperreflexia, a spastic or gait disturbance, and the Babinski sign. There may be a sensory level and bilateral involvement, and symptoms can be more diffuse rather than confined to a single dermatomal pattern. So, if symptoms align with a single nerve root’s distribution and root-specific signs, radiculopathy is favored. If there are UMN features, gait changes, or a clear sensory level indicating spinal cord involvement, myelopathy is favored.

The main idea is that documenting therapeutic exercises should capture exactly what to do and how much work to do. Recording the exercise type identifies the specific movement or activity the patient is prescribed (for example, a particular stretch, strengthening move, or resistance exercise). Recording the sets and reps provides the dosage—how many cycles of work the patient should perform in a session and overall workload—so the prescription can be reproduced and progress tracked. Together, these elements define the exact prescription and allow safe progressions. Details like body region or muscle involvement and the precise technique can be implied by the chosen exercise and instructions, and equipment settings matter only if equipment is used; the essential, universally documented details are the exercise type and the set-and-rep pattern.

Structural scoliosis is a fixed spinal deformity where the curve does not straighten with positioning because the vertebrae themselves rotate and wedge on the concave side. This rotation and wedging create a rib hump and persist on exam and imaging, indicating the curvature is real and structural rather than just a posture issue. In contrast, curves caused by posture or functional factors can often improve or disappear with changes in position or addressing the underlying cause; leg length discrepancy might tilt the pelvis and contribute but does not define a structurally rotated, wedged spine; and a statement denying vertebral changes misses the hallmark finding of structural scoliosis.

Maintaining posture relies on integrating information from multiple senses that tell the brain where the body is and how it’s moving. Vision provides a reference frame and detects movement of the surroundings relative to you. The vestibular system in the inner ear senses head position and acceleration, helping detect sway and maintain balance even when vision is limited. Proprioception from muscles, tendons, and joints gives detailed feedback about the position and movement of each body part. The brain combines these cues and adjusts muscle activity to keep you upright; it can reweight the inputs depending on what's reliable in the moment. For example, in darkness the body leans more on proprioceptive and vestibular information, while in a moving environment vision can contribute but may also mislead if the scene itself moves. Because all three systems contribute to posture control, the best answer is that all of the above.