Read the passage and answer the question. "Epigenetics—the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence—has unsettled the strict Mendelian framework that dominated genetics for much of the twentieth century. While Mendel's laws elegantly explain the transmission of discrete traits via alleles, they cannot account for phenomena such as genomic imprinting, where a gene's expression depends on which parent contributed it, or for the silencing of genes by methyl groups added to DNA strands. Critics of epigenetics' more ambitious claims, however, caution that many epigenetic marks are reset between generations and that the field sometimes overstates the heritability of environmentally acquired traits." The author's attitude toward epigenetics can best be described as:

Read the passage and answer the question. "Urban heat islands—metropolitan areas significantly warmer than surrounding rural zones—arise primarily from the replacement of vegetation with heat-absorbing impervious surfaces such as asphalt and concrete. Secondary contributors include waste heat from vehicles, air conditioners, and industrial processes. The effect is not merely uncomfortable: elevated urban temperatures increase electricity demand, worsen air quality via accelerated ozone formation, and disproportionately harm low-income communities that lack access to air conditioning. Mitigation strategies include green roofs, urban tree canopies, and cool pavements that reflect rather than absorb solar radiation." According to the passage, which of the following is cited as a PRIMARY cause of urban heat islands?

Read the passage and answer the question. "For much of the twentieth century, behaviorism dominated academic psychology, reducing mental life to observable stimulus-response relationships and dismissing introspective accounts of consciousness as scientifically inadmissible. The cognitive revolution of the 1950s and 1960s rehabilitated internal mental states by treating the mind as an information-processing system—one that could be studied rigorously through reaction times, memory experiments, and computational models. Yet critics note that even cognitive science, in its classical form, risks reducing the richness of human experience to the manipulation of abstract symbols, leaving aside questions of emotion, embodiment, and social context that philosophers and phenomenologists had long considered central." The passage implies that cognitive science, in its classical form, is similar to behaviorism in that both:

The scientist's findings were initially met with __________, but subsequent replications by independent laboratories gradually __________ her original conclusions. Select the two words that best complete the sentence.