The key step is getting the person to a warm, sheltered environment. Stopping further cold exposure is the first, most important action in frostbite care, especially with deep frostbite where tissue damage is extensive. Moving to warmth helps prevent additional injury, reduces ongoing cooling, and paves the way for safe, controlled rewarming and definitive care. Direct heat should not be used because it can cause burns and further tissue damage. Rewarming is best done in a controlled setting, typically with warm water and medical supervision, rather than with blankets or heaters that might produce uneven warming or burns. Delaying thawing may be appropriate in some field scenarios if there’s a real risk of refreezing during transport, but it is not the standard step to always perform in the field. Applying ointments is not part of proper frostbite management for deep injuries because it can obscure assessment and trap moisture, complicating later treatment.

This question tests using a fixed tablet-to-water ratio. The hydration system requires a specific number of tablets to treat a given volume of water, so you determine how many to use by dividing the total ounces by the ounces one tablet treats. For 100–102 oz, if each tablet is designed to treat roughly 17 oz, you’d calculate about 100/17 to 102/17, which comes out to about 5.9–6.0 tablets. Since you can’t use a fraction of a tablet, you round up to six to ensure the entire amount of water is properly treated. After adding the tablets, mix and allow the recommended contact time. In short: apply the fixed dose per tablet to the total volume, and round up to ensure complete treatment, which in this case yields six tablets.

The latrine designed for use on the move is the cat hole. It’s a small, shallow pit that you can dig quickly with minimal tools, use for a short time, and then backfill with soil. This setup fits mobile situations because it requires little preparation, is light to carry, and can be relocated easily as you move from place to place. It keeps waste contained, reduces odor and fly issues by timely burial, and doesn’t depend on a fixed camp infrastructure. Burn barrel latrines need a burnable waste setup and fuel, making them more suited to longer, stationary camps. A straddle trench is a larger, more durable option for groups in a fixed site, and a urine soakage pit handles liquid waste, not solids, so it doesn’t meet the needs of a mobile individual or small group.

Priming a burn barrel latrine relies on using a fuel that can ignite reliably without creating dangerous explosions or rapid flare-ups in a confined drum. Diesel is the best choice because it has a higher flash point and lower volatility than gasoline or kerosene, which makes ignition safer and easier to control in field conditions. Gasoline is highly volatile and can flash back with a small heat source, posing a serious risk in a burn barrel. Kerosene is more volatile than diesel too, so it carries more danger than diesel despite being usable as a primer. Water won’t ignite at all, so it’s not a primer. In practice, a small amount of diesel is used to start the fire, then waste is added to maintain the burn.