ENADE Filosofia Practice Questions - ENADE Filosofia - Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes Exam - ENADE Filosofia Practice Questions - ENADE Filosofia - Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes Exam

Question 1

In the classical epistemological tradition derived from Plato's Theaetetus, propositional knowledge was widely analyzed as Justified True Belief (JTB). In 1963, Edmund Gettier published a seminal counterexample challenging this definition. Which core conclusion did Gettier establish regarding the relationship between justification and knowledge?

An agent can possess a justified true belief through epistemic luck or false lemmas without that belief constituting genuine knowledge. True belief alone is both necessary and sufficient for knowledge, rendering any additional epistemic justification entirely redundant across scientific and everyday contexts. Justification is entirely unnecessary for knowledge provided the belief is produced by an uncorrupted innate cognitive faculty operating in an ideal epistemic environment. Knowledge requires subjective psychological certainty that is completely immune to any empirical doubt, Cartesian skepticism, or external theoretical revision.

Correct Answer:

An agent can possess a justified true belief through epistemic luck or false lemmas without that belief constituting genuine knowledge.

Question 2

In the First Meditation of his Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes applies systematic doubt to build an unshakable foundation for the sciences. What is the fundamental epistemological role of the 'Evil Demon' (genius malignus) hypothesis in this method?

To extend hyperbolic doubt to mathematical and rational truths that survive the dream argument, testing the limits of cognitive reliability. To provide an empirical physiological explanation for perceptual errors caused by optical illusions, atmospheric distortions, and sensory fatigue. To prove the theological necessity of original sin as the sole metaphysical cause of human intellectual fallibility throughout historical epochs. To establish ontological dualism between res cogitans and res extensa prior to examining any epistemic certainty or foundational principle.

Correct Answer:

To extend hyperbolic doubt to mathematical and rational truths that survive the dream argument, testing the limits of cognitive reliability.

Question 3

In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume divides all objects of human reason into 'Relations of Ideas' and 'Matters of Fact' (Hume's Fork). According to Hume's analysis, what grounds our causal inferences regarding matters of fact?

An a priori deductive intuition that apprehends the necessary metaphysical connection linking any antecedent cause with its consequent effect in physical reality. Direct empirical perception of the occult causal power operating between distinct material objects in nature during physical mechanical collisions. The innate transcendental categories of the understanding that organize sensory manifolds prior to any empirical sensory experience or temporal sequence. Custom or habit arising from the repeated constant conjunction of observed events, rather than rational demonstration or intuitive necessity.

Correct Answer:

Custom or habit arising from the repeated constant conjunction of observed events, rather than rational demonstration or intuitive necessity.

Question 4

In the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant addresses the central question: 'How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?' Which statement correctly characterizes a synthetic a priori judgment in Kant's critical philosophy?

It is an analytic statement whose predicate is conceptually contained in the subject and verified purely through the logical principle of non-contradiction. It is a non-tautological judgment that extends our knowledge beyond the concept of the subject while possessing strict universality and necessity. It is an empirical judgment derived strictly from sensory induction whose truth value remains contingent on future experimental laboratory observations. It is a metaphysical assertion regarding things-in-themselves (noumena) that completely transcends the conditions of sensible intuition and categories.

Correct Answer:

It is a non-tautological judgment that extends our knowledge beyond the concept of the subject while possessing strict universality and necessity.

Question 5

Karl Popper proposed falsificationism in The Logic of Scientific Discovery as a solution to the problem of induction and the criterion of demarcation. How does Popper distinguish genuine scientific theories from pseudo-scientific systems?

By the cumulative degree to which a universal theoretical hypothesis can be inductively confirmed and verified through positive observational evidence. By the consensus and institutional agreement established among the dominant community of recognized professional practitioners within a field. By the complete mathematical formalization and semantic reduction of all theoretical terms into phenomenal sensory protocol observation statements. By the logical capacity of a theory to forbid certain observable states of affairs, exposing itself to potential empirical refutation.

Correct Answer:

By the logical capacity of a theory to forbid certain observable states of affairs, exposing itself to potential empirical refutation.

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ENADE Filosofia Practice Questions - ENADE Filosofia - Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes Exam

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