Axonics Entrance Practice Test

Intention-to-treat analysis includes every participant as originally randomized, regardless of whether they adhered to the treatment or completed the study. This preserves the benefits of randomization and mirrors real-world practice, where not everyone follows the protocol exactly. It avoids bias that can come from excluding nonadherent participants and tends to provide a more conservative estimate of a treatment’s effectiveness. In contrast, analyses that exclude noncompliant participants or only analyze those who completed the protocol can overestimate effects because the groups may no longer be comparable. Post-hoc analyses are exploratory and not the same as the original randomized comparison. When using intention-to-treat, researchers still need to address missing data appropriately to avoid introducing new biases.