ELNEC 4 Symptom Management In Palliative Care Practice Test

Delirium in advanced dementia is usually driven by multiple reversible factors, so the best initial approach is to identify and treat those contributors while supporting the person’s sleep and environment. Start by reviewing for reversible causes such as infection, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, hypoxia, pain, constipation, urinary retention, and medication effects or polypharmacy, and correct what you can. Nonpharmacologic strategies are prioritized: provide reorientation, maintain familiar routines, ensure adequate lighting during the day and a calm, quiet environment at night, promote regular meals and hydration, address comfort, and involve family to support the person’s sense of reality. If agitation or safety concerns persist after optimizing causes and environment, use a low-dose antipsychotic with careful monitoring. Reserve pharmacologic therapy for agitation or risk to self or others, and avoid benzodiazepines or long-acting sedatives as first-line treatments because they can worsen delirium and prolong confusion. The core idea is a structured, cause-focused, nonpharmacologic approach with cautious, monitored pharmacologic intervention only when necessary for safety.