PSAD Civil Engineering Licensure Examination (CELE) Practice Test

Deformation delta under axial load is given by which formula?

delta = P / (A E) delta = P L / (A delta = P L^2 / (A E) delta = P L / (A E)

Correct Answer:

delta = P L / (A E)

Explanation:

When a straight bar is pulled axially, its elongation depends on the load, the bar’s length, cross-sectional area, and the material’s stiffness. The axial strain is epsilon = P/(A E). The total deformation is the strain times the length, giving delta = (P/(A E)) * L = P L /(A E). This matches the standard formula for axial deformation. The form that only has P/(A E) would be a strain, not a length of deformation, and the forms with extra L (such as P L^2 /(A E)) would not have the correct units for a displacement.

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