Netter's Anatomy Practice Test

ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation happens in mitochondria, which have a double membrane—the outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane known as cristae. The inner membrane houses the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase enzyme, and its folds provide a large surface area to maximize ATP production. The proton gradient generated across the inner membrane powers the synthesis of ATP as protons flow back through ATP synthase. Mitochondria also contain their own DNA and ribosomes, reflecting their distinct, energy-producing role. Other organelles have different functions and don’t carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, the peroxisomes handle fatty acid oxidation and detoxification, and lysosomes degrade macromolecules.