IBGE Analista Practice Questions - Concurso IBGE - Analista De Planejamento, Gestão E Infraestrutura Exam

A positive ρ indicates that elements within the same cluster are homogeneous, which increases the variance of cluster sampling relative to SRS. A positive ρ indicates that elements within the same cluster are heterogeneous, which reduces the variance of cluster sampling below that of SRS. A negative ρ always doubles the variance of the cluster estimator regardless of cluster size. The value of ρ affects only non-response rates but has no mathematical impact on the theoretical variance of the estimator.